哈薩克斯坦的投資限制

Investment restrictions in Kazakhstan

哈薩克斯坦對外國投資的限制主要體現在服務貿易、礦產、本國含量、土地、勞務許可和簽證幾個方面。

服務貿易領域的限制主要在通訊、銀行業、保險和大眾傳媒方面。在通訊業,哈2004年《通訊法》規定, 2008年前,外國投資者持有經營城際和國際電訊幹網的合資企業的股份不得超過49%。在處理外國投資者的許可申請時,可以“國家安全”為由予以拒絕。這一做法隨意性較大,增加了外資進入哈通訊領域的難度。在銀行業,哈要求外資參股銀行的資本份額不得超過國內所有銀行總資本的25%。

此外,哈薩克斯坦還規定外國合資銀行的監事會中必須有一名具有三年以上銀行工作經驗的本國公民,並且70%以上的員工必須為本國公民。在保險業,哈薩克斯坦規定,所有合資非人壽保險公司的總資本份額不得超過哈薩克斯坦國內非人壽保險市場總資本的25%;合資人壽保險公司的總資本份額不得超過人壽保險市場總資本的50%。在大眾傳媒業,哈薩克斯規定,大眾傳媒企業的外資持股比重不能高於20%。此外,外資在建築合資企業中的持股比重不得超過49%。哈薩克斯坦對外資的一系列限制極大地阻礙了國外資本的進入。

Investment restrictions on foreign investment are mainly embodied in the aspects of service trade, mineral resources, domestic land, labor permits and visas.

Restrictions on the field of trade in services mainly include: communications, banking, insurance and mass media. In the telecommunications industry, Kazakhstan 2004-2008 year’s “Communication law “provided that foreign investors who operate intercity or in international telecommunications, the network joint venture or joint venture shall not exceed 49%.  In dealing with cases when foreign investors need ‘permission to apply’ the fact of “national security “can be used as an excuse to refuse. This practice has a greater randomness, it increased the difficulty for the foreign investors to enter into the field of Kazakhstan. In the banking sector, the demand for foreign capital shares of the banks’ capital share shall not exceed 25% of the total capital of all domestic banks. In addition ,Kazakhstan also stipulates that the board of supervisors of a foreign joint venture banks must have a domestic citizen with more than three years of banking experience ,and more than 70%  employees have to be their own citizens. In the insurance industry, Kazakhstan’s all non-joint venture life insurance company’s total share of capital shall not exceed Kazakhstan domestic non-life insurance with a market capitalization of 25%,the total capital share of joint venture life insurance company shall not be more than 50% of the total capital of the life insurance market. In mass media industry, according to Kazakhstan’s regulations he proportion of foreign ownership of public media companies cannot be higher than 20%.In addition, the proportion of foreign investment of public media companies in the construction joint venture shall not exceed 49%. A series of restrictions on foreign investment in Kazakhstan has greatly hindered the entry of foreign capital.

Provisions of Kazakhstan’s mass media and mass media industry states that enterprises of foreign shareholding proportion is not higher than 20%.In addition, the proportion of foreign investment in the construction joint venture shall not exceed 49%.A series of restrictions on foreign investment in Kazakhstan has greatly hindered the entry of foreign capital.